The first one is the implementation of the two-step scene flow generation module to extract the 3D motion from the binocular sequence. The method can be divided into three modules. To address the issues, we propose a deformation recovery method incorporating mesh structures and scene flow.

However, previous methods suffer from limitations such as the reliance on biomechanical priors and the vulnerability to the occlusion caused by surgical instruments. The binocular vision-based approach is a practical candidate for deformation recovery as no extra devices are required. Tissue deformation recovery is to reconstruct the change in shape and surface strain caused by tool-tissue interaction or respiration, which is essential for providing motion and shape information that benefits the improvement of the safety of minimally invasive surgery.

Growth in knowledge about this most elementary yet often overlooked level of foliage clumping in canopies shall improve coniferous forest 3D radiative transfer modeling. The demonstrated effectiveness and performance of the blue light 3D photogrammetry scanning method shall lead to more frequent actual measurements of 3D shoot structures. The needle-to-shoot area ratio values were similar to those measured using the traditional combined photographic/volume displacement method. Karst.)-collected from trees in the Järvselja RAdiation transfer Model Intercomparison (RAMI) pine stand in Estonia. We used shoots of two species-Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies L. We validate the approach by comparing it to the combined photographic/volume displacement method-an established methodology for quantifying shoot-level clumping. We introduce blue light 3D photogrammetry scanning as a highly efficient technique for estimating shoot-level clumping, which significantly reduces the labor intensity aspect of the previous approaches. Previous methods for estimating the needle-to-shoot-area ratio have had in common destructive and/or highly labor-intensive aspects. Clumping of needles in shoots in conifer stands has posed a challenge because optical instruments have generally been incapable of measuring gaps between needles within a shoot. Clumping information is important for determining the radiation transfer through canopies, photosynthesis, and hydrological processes.

Clumping describes the spatial distribution of foliage elements (leaves or needles) within a vegetation canopy.

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